Strategic Success - Katelyn

No strategy has previously been perfect. Surprises and unexpected scenarios occur and destroy what was once considered the perfect plan. Ideas, people, and civilizations contain their strengths and weaknesses. Failure, however, does not always result. Success is often the outcome of well devised strategies, as exemplified by the English and Spanish colonies of the New World.

Of all the colonization in the New World, the Spanish and the English were by far the most successful due to their militaries’ strength, their attractiveness to newcomers, and their protectiveness. In order to be certain that supplies would reach their settlements, the Spanish and the English both had navies. Strong militaries were also at their disposal. Strength was not a lone positive attribute to the English and Spanish strategies. Living in the New World seemed very attractive to nercomers. Settlers would receive portions of land on arrival. The Spanish settlers would own everything and everyone on their land, including any Indians that might dwell there. England and Spain’s successes in luring settlers to their territories were also caused by their well-built fortifications. Forts were built to ward off Indians and protect themselves from attack. England’s and Spain’s immensely strong militaries were also helpful in protecting the settlers.

The English and Spanish settlements in the Americas are examples of how carefully devised and well thought out strategies can often lead to success. Strategic success has been found by many through precise and careful planning. A plan can never be carried out without at least a small amount of risk or a slight possibility of failure, but a carefully formed strategy has a much higher likelihood of triumph.

Katelyn (grade 8)

The Legendary Navigator - Mark

Many men throughout history have left their mark on the world. Their discoveries, inventions and scientific findings have helped us better understand the world around us. Sir Francis Drake is just one of those men. His life work for England included sailing around the world, disrupting Spanish colonies in the New World and defeating the Spanish Armada.

The year was 1577. Queen Elizabeth had just allowed Sir Francis Drake, along with John Winter and Thomas Doughty, to attempt a voyage that would take him and his six ship fleet around the world. They left Plymouth, England on December 13, 1577 and headed southwest. Their first stop was at Tierra del Fuego on the southern tip of South America where the natives gave them fresh food and water. As they headed up the western coast of South America, Drake captured a few Spanish ships loaded with gold, pesos and treasures. Historians are not certain how far he went up North Americas Pacific Coast but he is believed to have gone as far as Vancouver Island, Canada. Drake and his crew then crossed the Pacific Ocean, passed through the Indian Ocean, sailed around Africa, and finally headed north back to Plymouth where they had left three year earlier. Upon his arrive in England Sir Francis Drake became a celebrity. The Queen also knighted him and gave him £10,000.

Drake was still hungry for adventure, so he left for the New World soon after his return to England. He headed for the Gulf of Mexico where he sacked the Spanish ports of Santo Domingo and Cartagena. On the return trip his fleet went up north and captured the Spanish fort San Augustín on the east coast of northern Florida. His path took him further up the East Coast to the little island of Roanoke; he became the savior of a few dozen starving colonists whom he took back to England.

Sir Francis’s crew returned to learn that their sacking of Spanish ports in the Gulf had angered Phillip II of Spain. War was coming. Drake was elected vice-admiral under Lord Howard. The winds and currents were against the Spanish, giving the English more time to launch their fleet. England was successful in driving the Spanish out of the English Channel and into the open sea where the climax, The Battle of Gravelines, occurred. Sir Francis Drake played a major part in the battle due to his strategy that ultimately broke the Spanish’s formation.

For these reasons Sir Francis Drake is an English hero, though villain and pirate to the Spanish. Folklore has it that if England ever comes in need they are to beat on Drake’s Drum, a snare drum Drake took on his voyage around the world, and he will return to defend his beloved homeland. Sir Francis Drake’s acts of courage and valor are remembered to this day; he certainly did leave his mark on England and the world.

- Mark (grade 10)

Pilgrims and Puritans - Danny

There has always been a desire in man’s heart to search for and explore new lands, and there are many different reasons why. Some men go for riches and wealth, others for the expansion of their countries and some for religious freedom. This desire for religious freedom is what brought the Separatists, also called Pilgrims, to Holland and eventually to America.

In 1607 a group of English Separatists migrated to Holland because of their desire to practice their religion without persecution. They stayed in Holland for ten years but they chose to leave when they realized that their children were picking up the Dutch language and culture, which not only threatened their English heritage, but more importantly, their religious faith. The Separatists obtained a land grant from the Virginia Company to settle in America. In 1620 they set out for the Virginia, but during bad weather the ship was blown to Massachusetts. They tried once more to go south to Virginia but were again blown back, so they decided to stay in Massachusetts. Because of their being outside the authority of the Virginia Company, they created their own system of government called the Mayflower Compact. This system was very important because that kind of self-government was not common, and it was the first document like it in America.

The Mayflower Compact has a big effect on us today because it opened up the path for the democratic government of the United States. The ideas found in the Mayflower Compact are similar to those that we follow today. The United States might not exist today if it weren’t for the storm which sent the Pilgrims to Massachusetts, where they were able to set up their own government. This shows that God is sovereign over all nations and kings, and will bring about whatever purpose he desires.

Danny (grade 9)

The Drive to Discover - Katie

Deep inside every man beats a desire to discover. Whether he hopes to find a cure for cancer, the girl of his dreams, or even a new world, every man’s love for discovery stems from a God-given calling to “fill the earth and subdue it” (Genesis 1:28). Although God’s command explains man’s love for exploration, men are often moved to action by other motives. The desire for wealth, fame, power, space, and abundance have all induced different explorers to journey to the ends of the earth. In the 15th century many explorers were inspired by all these motives to find another route to Asia, however, one explorer would find much more than the land of spices. Christopher Columbus’ discovery was motivated by the promise of wealth, encouraged by the opportunity to spread Christianity, and enabled by advancing technology.

Christopher Columbus’ exploration began in an effort to find a new route to India and her precious spices. Spices were so valuable that Europeans measured their status with them, hence the phrase, “worth his salt.” Europeans not only loved the delicious variety spices brought to their meals, but also used spices to preserve meat from decay. After the Ottoman Turks blocked the land route to Asia, European explorers began searching for a new way to get to India and break the Muslim monopoly on spices. Through his scientific study, Columbus became convinced that he could find a shorter route to India by sailing around the globe. Unwilling to let the Muslims corner the spice market, Queen Isabella funded Columbus’ expedition in hopes that Spain would gain a foothold in the spice trade.

Although the Spanish primarily viewed exploration as a gold mine, they also saw it as a mission field. When Columbus initially presented his plan to Queen Isabella, she rejected it because all her resources were bent on driving the Moors out of Spain. In 1492 after Ferdinand and Isabella had completed the Reconquista, Isabella and the Spanish people had the time, energy, and money to support Columbus. Paul Johnson, in his excellent book A History of the American People points out, “It is no coincidence that this decade [1490’s], which marked the homogenization of western Europe as a Christian entity and unity, also saw the first successful efforts to carry Europe, and Christianity, into the western hemisphere. As one task ended, another was undertaken in earnest.” Christopher Columbus shared the Spanish desire to convert the natives, writing on the day they landed in the New World, “I think they [the natives] can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion.” In the following years, converting the natives was one of the foremost goals of the Spanish. Today, South America’s widely Catholic culture bears witness to Spain’s great work in converting the natives in during colonization.

Even with all the motivation in the world, Columbus couldn’t have discovered anything without the technological advances of the caravel, compass, and astrolabe. Originally developed by the Portuguese, the caravel was a small, light ship that was easily maneuvered. Her shallow hull allowed her to sail close to the shore, record precise measurements, and travel quickly. The compass enabled Columbus to head in the right direction and continue doing so. Without this simple instrument, Columbus would have never found his way to the New World or back to Spain. The astrolabe helped navigators to determine were they were in the ocean. James E. Morrison explains, “The Mariner's Astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination.” When used in conjunction, the astrolabe, compass, and caravel allowed navigators to lead their ships through unknown water with precision.

Improving technology enabled Christopher Columbus and countless other Europeans to pursue their desires to grow rich, convert the lost, and fill and subdue the earth. It is interesting to note that only after the Spanish had succeeded in subduing their world did they begin working on another. Spain, and the rest of Europe, had unified their countries, filled the entire land, converted the lost, educated their citizens, and developed their economies before they began colonizing the New World. Before embracing a new project they finished an old one. In today’s atmosphere of instant gratification, it is easy to grow tired with one task and move on the next, but we make sure we have completed our task with excellence before we move on to another. As we follow God’s command to fill the earth and subdue it, we must become good stewards of ourselves before we seek to change others.

-Katie (Grade 12)

Pre-Colombian Indians - Josh

Many explorers and countries have made claims as the first to have discovered the New World. The Vikings and Spanish have made compelling claims, but the true discoverers of America were the Indians. These people came to the land hundreds if not thousands of years before the first explorers from Europe or Africa. The Indians were not only the first settlers of the New World, but also far more advanced than many had thought them to be. The Indian culture explored and adapted to their surroundings very well.

One of the first Indian tribes that is thought to have come to America was the Paleo-Indian. The Paleo-Indians were nomadic hunters probably came across a land bridge that stretched between current day Russia and Alaska. Various tribes continued to come to the new world, and as exploration continued smaller tribes broke off from larger ones. The migration continued, until the tip of South America was reached. Cultures such as the Mayan, Aztec, and Inca were born from this migration.

Mayan culture was one of the most advanced of all pre Columbian cultures. Most tribes used hand motions or pictures to communicate, but the Mayans were the only culture that used a written language. Mathematics, art, and architecture were also areas where the Mayan people excelled. The Mayan empire’s peak was between 200 and 900 A.D . Spanish exploration was ultimately the downfall of this mighty empire.

For the settlers from Europe, Indians were savages that had no capacity to think or even be human. This train of thought was disproved by a group of tribes called the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois confederation was an alliance of six tribes in the New York area. Named for the Iroquois’s way of life the name of the league meant “Great White Pine Tree.” The white pine tree was an allegory of safety to the tribes. It also was referred to as “the longhouse” because the tribes made their homes in long wooden structures. Both of these names reflect the safety that the Iroquois felt in their alliance.

Mayan, Iroquois and other Indian cultures were far more advanced they we might think. From the amazing architecture of the Mayans to the diplomacy of the Iroquois, the advances made by the native Americans was monumental. The pre-Columbian Indians not only discovered America but also adapted to it. Even though Leif Erikson and Christopher Columbus did have strong claims to the discovery of the new world, the true discoverers were the Indians, who by their ingenuity and diplomacy had dominion over the land God had given them.

-- Josh (Grade 10)